Nigerian immigration law is derived principally from statute, supported by policy and case law. The central piece of legislation governing immigration law and practice in Nigeria is the Immigration Act of 2015 (the 2015 Act), which is supported by the Immigration Regulations of 2017 (the Immigration Regulations). The Immigration Regulations were issued as subsidiary legislation by the Minister of Interior (the Minister), pursuant to Section 112(1) of the 2015 Act and provide the legal framework for the effective implementation of that Act.
With respect to the administration of immigration control, the provisions of the 2015 Act specifically designate the Nigeria Immigration Service (NIS) as the principal body charged with responsibility for administering the Act, under the headship of the Comptroller General of Immigration (CGI).
Additionally, in February 2020, a New Visa Policy (NVP), was formally launched by President Muhammadu Buhari, introducing a reformed visa regime. The NVP is intended to attract more foreign direct investment (FDI) into the country's economy, while drawing innovation, specialised skills and knowledge from abroad to complement local capacity. However, notwithstanding its formal launch earlier in the year, as at the time of writing the full implementation of the NVP has yet to commence.
On 11 April 2025, the Federal Ministry of Interior unveiled a series of reforms designed to overhaul Nigeria’s expatriate administration and visa policy frameworks. A key implementation measure is the launch of the Expatriate Administration System (EAS), a digital mechanism intended to enhance transparency, accountability, and compliance monitoring in the employment of foreign nationals. Additionally, the Ministry has introduced the Nigeria Visa Policy (NVP) 2025, effective from 1 May 2025. From 1 May 2025, Nigeria will switch to a fully electronic visa (e-Visa) system, phasing out the current visa on arrival (VoA) regime. Under the new arrangement, applicants can complete and submit their visa applications online and receive a decision within 48 hours.
The Federal Government will begin a nationwide compliance enforcement campaign to identify and remove foreign nationals who are residing or working in Nigeria without proper documentation. The new Expatriate Personal Liability Insurance will cover the cost of deportation for non-compliant expatriates. Annual policy premiums will range from $500 to $1,000, depending on the duration of stay. The Ministry has disclosed plans to increase application fees to cover the cost of inspections, due diligence, and improved administrative oversight. The automation of residence permit processing, and the introduction of an e-Visa platform are positive steps toward improving service delivery and transparency.
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Categories of Visas and Permits Available
Both the 2015 Act and the Immigration Regulations provide for the issuance of various types of visas and permits by immigration authorities to non-Nigerians for entry to and residence in Nigeria. The newly introduced NVP now broadens the range of visa classes prescribed under the 2015 Act and delineates the following three main categories: (1) Short Visit Visas (SVVs), (2) Temporary Residence Visas (TRVs), and (3) Permanent Residence Visas (PRVs). The NVP provides a class of visa for almost every conceivable purpose for entry into the country, increasing the number of classes of visa from six to 79 in total, with each class of visa now having a code for ease of processing.
Details of the three categories of visas identified under the NVP are provided in the table below:
| Visa category | Purpose | Number of visa classes | Applicable provisions |
|---|---|---|---|
| SVVs | Provides an avenue for foreign nationals to enter Nigeria for a maximum period of 90 days for various short-term purposes, including visits, tourism, business meetings, sport, entertainment, and specialised services | 28 | Sections 20(7) and 37(9) of the 2015 Act |
| TRVs | Permits foreign nationals to live in Nigeria for a maximum period of two years for the purposes of employment, establishing a business and schooling, among others | 36 | Section 37(2), (6) and (10) of the 2015 Act; Regulation 5(1) and (2), and Regulation 8(TWP) of the Immigration Regulations |
| PRVs | Enables individuals to reside in Nigeria for up to five years or more, providing an avenue for obtaining permanent residence status in Nigeria available to investors, retirees and highly skilled individuals, among others | 15 | Section 37(11) and (12) of the 2015 Act; Regulation 14 of the Immigration Regulations |
Short Visit Visas (SVVs): Allow travelers to visit Nigeria for a period not exceeding three months (90 days) for various purposes. Here are some types of SVVs:
- Business Visa: Allows a 30-day stay for business-related activities.
- Tourism Visa: A single-entry, 30-day visa for tourism and sightseeing.
- Journalist Visa: Enables journalists to engage in official reporting or media coverage for up to 90 days.
- Religious Visa: For Religious officials traveling to Nigeria to conduct or participate in religious services, seminars, or conferences.
- Transit Visa: Issued to travelers strictly transiting through Nigerian airports within 48 hours, without leaving the terminal.
Temporary Residence Visas (TRVs): Permit foreign nationals to live in Nigeria for a maximum period of two years for various purposes. Here are some types of TRVs:
- Employment Visa: For foreign nationals hired under an approved Expatriate Quota, valid for an initial 90-day entry, then a residence/work permit is typically granted for two years (renewable).
- Student Visa: Issued to individuals who seek to pursue full-time studies at approved Nigerian educational institutions.
- Spousal Visa: For foreign nationals legally married to Nigerian citizens, granting the right to reside in Nigeria as the spouse of a Nigerian.
Permanent Residence Visas (PRVs): Permit certain class of individuals to obtain permanent residence status in Nigeria.
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Known as TWP, it permits experts to provide specialized skills-such as installation, maintenance, or training-for up to 90 days. Pre-approval from the Comptroller General of Immigration (via a Visa Authority Letter) is mandatory. Holders cannot engage in regular employment or stay beyond the specified short term.
A multiple-entry TWP option lasting up to six months, non-renewable. It’s meant for specialists performing tasks like equipment installations or audits over a longer span than the standard TWP. Applicants need a pre-approval letter from the Comptroller General of Immigration.
Given to diplomats officially assigned to Nigeria, allowing them to fulfill diplomatic duties for up to two years (renewable). Requires a valid diplomatic passport and a letter from Nigeria’s Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
For foreign nationals employed within a Nigerian Free Zone. Similar to the standard employment visa but linked to Free Zone regulations. Requires an employment contract, clearance from the Free Zone authority, and supporting documents.
Enables expatriates to work directly for the Nigerian government. The employing government agency must provide an offer letter and accept Immigration Responsibility (IR). This visa grants an initial 90-day entry followed by a two-year renewable residence permit.
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For foreign workers employed by International Non-Governmental Organizations in Nigeria. Requires an employment contract, an MOU with the Ministry of Budget and Economic Planning, and possibly security clearances.
Applies to foreign clerics taking up long-term religious employment. Needs pre-approval (Visa Authority Letter) and is valid for two years, renewable.
Issued for educational exchange visits involving students, lecturers, or researchers under formal agreements (e.g., MOUs). Valid for up to 90 days on a single entry. Applicants must show letters of invitation and acceptance from Nigerian institutions, academic credentials, and funds.
Allows foreign nationals to undertake internships or practical training with a recognized Nigerian organization or institution. Applicants generally need a formal internship offer or training agreement, proof of sufficient funds, accommodation details, and an acceptance of Immigration Responsibility by the host. Validity can range from a few months up to one year, depending on the program’s length, with possible renewal options. Interns may engage only in assigned training activities and cannot perform paid work outside the internship’s scope.
Applies to individuals born Nigerian under the law but who have formally renounced Nigerian citizenship. It provides temporary entry privileges for personal, business, or family reasons. Applicants must provide proof of former Nigerian status (e.g., birth certificate), official renunciation documents, and a valid passport from their current nationality.
For foreign investors establishing or expanding a small-scale business in Nigeria. Applicants typically must prove a minimum capital threshold (as defined by local regulations), provide a solid business plan, and show financial capacity. It grants residence rights associated with running or managing the enterprise, with renewal based on continued compliance and evidence of active business operations.
Designed for medium-scale investors seeking to operate or manage Nigerian businesses of moderate size. Applicants must show higher capital investment or turnover levels than N3A, along with relevant company registrations and a viable business plan. Proof of funds and a demonstrated intent to contribute to Nigeria’s economy are essential.
Targets substantial foreign investors who own or manage large-scale businesses in Nigeria. Applicants must satisfy significant capital or asset requirements, verified by corporate registration and audited financial statements. The visa provides residency for key executives to run daily affairs, hire staff, and coordinate expansion. Renewal depends on compliance with Nigerian corporate laws, tax regulations, and continued investment.
Reserved for investors leading major multinational or ultra-large corporations with major footprints in Nigeria. Applicants must meet the highest thresholds of capital, assets, or turnover, showcasing capacity to influence significant economic growth. Required documents typically include global corporate registrations, audited statements, and government endorsements. Holders gain multi-year residency to oversee strategic operations.
Specialized investor visa for significant ventures in Nigeria’s oil, gas, or power sectors. Applicants must demonstrate technical expertise, substantial capital, and relevant industry licenses or partnerships. This visa allows direct involvement in energy-related projects, potentially with added scrutiny by sector regulators. Residency is granted to key management for operations, expansions, and strategic direction.
Issued to professionals with specialized skills or advanced qualifications in fields vital to Nigeria’s development. Applicants must present proof of exceptional training, certifications, or achievements and often require a sponsoring employer or governmental endorsement. This visa enables extended residence for those contributing expertise in sectors like technology, healthcare, engineering, or academia.
Caters to individuals already residing and retiring in Nigeria, possibly after holding other visa categories. Applicants must show proof of stable retirement income (pensions, investments) and local accommodation. The visa allows long-term residency without formal employment. Renewals may require updated financial statements and medical insurance coverage.
For foreign retirees wishing to relocate to Nigeria from overseas. Applicants must demonstrate sufficient financial resources (like pensions, annuities, or savings) and secure local accommodation. Health insurance coverage is strongly recommended. It permits an extended stay or residence, allowing retirees to live in Nigeria without engaging in paid work.
Modes of Application
Applications for visas and most permits are made to the CGI or to the appropriate Nigerian diplomatic mission established abroad. However, the recently launched NVP promotes the use of two additional visa application channels whereby travellers wishing to enter the country can apply for visas.
The following application channels are encouraged for use under the NVP.
Application via Visa on Arrival
The Visa on Arrival (VoA) channel is available at the Nigerian port of entry, (at the desk marked 'Visa on Arrival') for those whose visa application falls within the qualifying classes of visas; these include frequent business travellers, emergency relief workers and holders of passports of African Union (AU) countries.
Application by e-visa
Application by e-visa is available for specific classes of SVVs, including the transit visa, business visa, tourism visa, journalist visa and visas for staff of international non-governmental organisations (INGOs).
Application at the Nigerian diplomatic mission or embassy or authorised visa application centre
The submission of an application at the Nigerian diplomatic mission or embassy is an avenue available in respect of all classes of visas, including the categories of visa that qualify for VoA and e-visa applications. To use this channel, application and payment is initially effected online, with the requisite supporting documents to be submitted at the embassy and, if necessary, the applicant will be required to attend an interview; if the application is approved, the visa will be issued.
Applications for Nigerian visas requiring submission at Nigerian diplomatic missions can also be submitted at established visa application centres, which are available in some countries and are authorised to receive applications and submit these to Nigerian embassies on behalf of the visa applicant.
Prerequisites for Entry
Section 18 of the 2015 Act stipulates that, unless the Minister or the CGI directs otherwise, an immigration officer shall admit into Nigeria a person who:
- has in their possession a valid passport or such other travel document as is approved by the Minister or CGI for admission into Nigeria; or
- is in possession of a valid visa, residence or work permit, or any other permit, or other form of approval.
An individual who has the requisite documents for entry into Nigeria should, therefore, ordinarily be admitted into the country. Entry can, however, be denied to a foreign national by the immigration officer in the following circumstances:
- where the requisite visa or permit needed for entry or admission has not been validly obtained;
- where, on the advice of a medical inspector, it is undesirable for medical reasons to admit such a foreign national; or
- where the national seeking entry is classified as a prohibited immigrant.
Entry can also be validly denied to those considered a risk to public health, public interest or national security and those who should not be admitted into Nigeria on any other grounds as may be prescribed from time to time by the Minister or the CGI.
Penalties for Non-Compliance and Jurisdiction
Various offences of non-compliance by individuals and corporations are set out under the 2015 Act and the Immigration Regulations, and stringent penalties - ranging from administrative fines to imprisonment and deportation - have been put in place to curb breaches of the law. Penalties include a fine of 5 million naira, as well as the potential winding up of a company, for an offending body corporate, a fine of 1 million naira or potential deportation as the penalty for non-compliance with provisions relating to entry for business purposes for individuals, and the assignment of criminal responsibility to airline operators and commercial carriers for facilitating an immigration offence.
Stringent penalties and expansive powers of enforcement are therefore included in the 2015 Act, while the provisions of the Immigration Regulations empower immigration officers to fully enforce and implement the Act; this can be seen particularly in respect of the powers granted to immigration officers to arrest any immigrant found committing an offence or found to have committed an offence under the 2015 Act or the Immigration Regulations, and also to enter and search any premises in which the immigration officer reasonably believes an offence under the Act or Regulations is being or is about to be committed. Both of these powers are exercisable without a warrant and underline a determination by the authorities to consistently monitor immigrants and ensure compliance with immigration laws by foreign nationals.
With respect to immigration-related matters, the jurisdiction to hear and determine such proceedings resides with the Federal High Court (FHC), and the 2015 Act further provides for the establishment of a division under the FHC that is to be responsible for hearing all matters relating to immigration. There is also provision for an immigration case to be dealt with in priority to any other case, civil or criminal, where a person is charged with an offence the conviction for which, would result in deportation, this being a measure clearly designed to ensure that a person recommended for deportation is not remanded for an excessive period. Notwithstanding this provision, it should be noted that such a person can still be remanded in custody for a period of up to 90 days, further underscoring the importance and need for foreign nationals and their employers to remain fully compliant with the provisions of the 2015 Act at all times.
For parties wishing to bring an action against the NIS, cognisance should be taken of the need to first issue a pre-action notice before a civil action can be brought against the NIS; this requirement is in accordance with the provisions of Section 109(1) of the 2015 Act, which stipulate that 'no civil action shall be commenced against the Service or its authorised officers before the expiration of a period of 30 days after a written notice of intention to commence the suit shall have been served'.
The Immigration Authorities
The NIS
As stated above, the NIS is designated under the 2015 Act as the principal body charged with responsibility for administering the Act, with the power to both sue and be sued. The responsibilities of the NIS are clearly stipulated under Section 2 of the 2015 Act and encompass the following:
- control of persons entering or leaving Nigeria;
- issuance of travel documents, including Nigerian passports, to bona fide Nigerians within and outside Nigeria;
- issuance of residence permits to foreigners in Nigeria;
- border surveillance and patrol;
- enforcement of laws and regulations with which it is directly charged; and
- performance of such paramilitary duties within or outside Nigeria as may be required of it under the authority of the 2015 Act or any other enactment.
The provisions of both the 2015 Act and the Immigration Regulations also provide clarity regarding the structure and composition of the NIS, with the head of the NIS designated as the CGI; the duties of officers in the NIS and the procedure for the appointment of immigration officers are also clearly defined, whereby the CGI and the Deputy Comptrollers General are to be appointed by the President from among serving officers in the NIS, on the recommendation of the Civil Defence, Fire, Immigration and Prisons Services Board, with the Board responsible for the appointment of assistant comptrollers general and comptrollers of immigration to assist the CGI.
The Federal Ministry of Interior
The Ministry of Interior (the Ministry) formulates and implements policies related to border management and supervises the NIS. Its mandate is to foster and maintain internal security and citizenship integrity for the promotion of good governance. Despite structural changes over time, both in functions and nomenclature, the Ministry invariably continues to be involved in the immigration process, with the Minister of Interior (the Minister) being charged with responsibility for immigration, and assigned specific functions under the 2015 Act. At present, the Ministry is responsible for matters related to the granting of Nigerian citizenship and the granting of expatriate quotas, among other functions.
Other Authorities
Other relevant authorities that indirectly have an impact on the application of immigration policy and procedure in Nigeria, albeit to varying degrees, include:
- the Nigerian Investment Promotion Commission (NIPC);
- the Corporate Affairs Commission (CAC);
- the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC);
- the Federal Inland Revenue Service;
- the Federal Ministry of Labour and Productivity (FMLP);
- the National Population Commission (NPC) of Nigeria;
- the National Planning Commission of Nigeria; and
- the Nigerian Content Development and Monitoring Board (NCDMB).
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