A prime mover is a machine that transforms thermal or electrical energy into mechanical energy. It is a device that imparts power to another device, such as a turbine that turns a generator or an engine. Prime movers are essential components in various industries, driving machinery and equipment that perform a wide range of tasks.
Generally, this is the muscle that will generate the most force during a joint action when exerting force against an external load. For example, the gluteus maximus is the prime mover of hip extension during exercises like the Ultimate Glute Bridge, lateral lunge, deadlift, or squat.
Synonym: Agonist, although this term may be used for any muscle responsible for a joint action.
Related: The synergists are all the muscles that cause a joint action but are not the prime mover.
Opposite: The antagonists would be all of the muscles that perform the opposite joint action.
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Special Note: The prime mover, as defined above, may or may not be the most active muscle for a joint action during activities of daily living. For example, the gluteus maximus is the most powerful hip extensor and, therefore, the prime mover; however, the hamstrings are likely the most active hip extensors during low-level activities like walking or standing.
For additional information, including a video lecture:
Lesson 21: Functional Roles of Muscles Functional Roles of Muscles Glossary Terms:Prime Mover Agonist Synergist Antagonist Neutralizer Fixator Stabilizer Articles listing all of the muscles by functional role for each joint action:
- Kinesiology of the Shoulder and Scapula
- Kinesiology of the Elbow
- Kinesiology of the Trunk
- Kinesiology of the Hip
- Kinesiology of the Knee
- Kinesiology of the Ankle
- List of Prime Movers by Joint Action
Energy Transformations
Types of Prime Movers
Prime movers can be categorized based on the technology they use to convert energy. The global Prime Movers Market is segmented firstly on the basis of the technology such as Engine turbines.
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List of Prime Movers by Joint Action
Shoulder (Glenohumeral Joint)
- Flexion: Anterior Deltoid
- Extension: Posterior Deltoid
- Abduction: Middle Deltoid
- Adduction: Latissimus Dorsi
- Internal Rotation: Subscapularis
- External Rotation: Infraspinatus
- Horizontal Abduction: Posterior Deltoid
- Horizontal Adduction: Pectoralis Major
2. Elbow (Humeroulnar Joint)
- Flexion: Biceps Brachii, Brachialis, Brachioradialis
- Extension: Triceps Brachii, Anconeus
3. Hip
- Flexion: Iliopsoas
- Extension: Gluteus Maximus
- Abduction: Gluteus Medius
- Adduction: Adductor Longus
- Internal Rotation: Gluteus Minimus
- External Rotation: Gluteus Maximus
- Horizontal Abduction: Piriformis
- Horizontal Adduction: Adductors
4. Knee
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- Flexion: Biceps femoris
- Extension: Quadriceps
- Internal Rotation (of flexed knee): Semitendinosus and Semimembranosus
- External Rotation (of flexed knee): Biceps Femoris
5. Ankle (Talocrural Joint)
- Plantarflexion: Soleus
- Dorsiflexion: Tibialis Anterior
- Eversion: Fibularis Muscles
- Inversion: Tibialis Posterior
6. Spine (Lumbar Spine)
- Flexion: Rectus Abdominis
- Extension: Erector Spinae (Spinalis, Longissimus, Iliocostalis)
- Lateral Flexion: External Obliques, Quadratus Lumborum, Erector Spinae (unilaterally)
- Rotation: External Obliques
The Family of Medium Tactical Vehicles (FMTV) are a series of military vehicles based upon a common chassis, varying by payload and mission requirements.
The FMTV is derived from the Austrian Steyr 12M18 truck, but substantially modified to meet United States Army requirements.
Since the first FMTVs were fielded in January 1996, the family has been expanded and the overall design enhanced considerably.
The FMTV was originally manufactured by Stewart & Stevenson (1996-2006), then by Armor Holdings (2006-2007), next by BAE Systems Platforms & Services.
Army Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) requirements document issued in 1983 for a Medium Tactical Truck (MTT), the intended replacement for the in-service 2.5-ton truck.
In July 1984, a program to look at a future 5-ton truck procurement to replace in-service 2.5- and 5-ton trucks began.
Cost analysis demonstrated that the procurement should be for both 2.5- and 5-ton trucks.
In October 1984, the FMTV formally began as a program.
The request for proposals (RFP) for FMTV was released in 1988.
In October 1988, the United States Army awarded contracts to Stewart & Stevenson, the Tactical Truck Corporation, a 50/50 joint venture between General Motors Military Vehicles and the BMY Wheeled Vehicle Division of the Harsco Corporation, and Teledyne Continental Motors, for 15 prototype vehicles each, to be completed by January 1989.
In October 1991 a five-year FMTV contract was awarded to Stewart & Stevenson.
The initial contract order total was expected to be 20,000 vehicles.
This was reduced to 10,843 vehicles, and valued at US$1.2 billion.
Some options were added, raising the total to 11,197 vehicles over seven contract years.
In October 1998, Stewart & Stevenson was awarded the second FMTV contract, for 8,000 trucks and 1,500 companion trailers, for $1.4 billion.
Total quantities including options were 11,491 trucks and 2,292 trailers, delivered between September 1999 and October 2004.
Trucks were the improved A1 model, with improvements including an uprated engine (1998 EPA compliant) and transmission, and the introduction of ABS braking.
In April 2001, Stewart & Stevenson and Oshkosh Truck Corporation were awarded contracts for the Evaluation Phase (Phase 1) of the FMTV A1 Competitive Rebuy (FMTV A1 CR) program for the next FMTV production contract.
Following trials and evaluation, in April 2003 the contract was awarded to Stewart & Stevenson.
Production of the FMTV A1 CR, designated FMTV A1R, began in Q3 2004.
Improvements to A1R models were numerous, and included a new EPA 2004 compliant Caterpillar C7 engine.
The United States Army had intended that two variants of the Future Tactical Truck System (FTTS) would eventually replace virtually all of its tactical wheeled vehicle fleet, including the FMTV.
The FTTS never materialized.
However, along with inputs from other efforts, the FTTS continues to be used to define requirements for future United States Army trucks.
With the FTTS already faltering, BAE Systems was awarded a bridging contract in June 2008, for up to 10,000 FMTVs or trailers.
Army's Tank-Automotive and Armaments Command (TACOM) Life Cycle Management Command.
In August 2009, the United States Army announced that Oshkosh Defense had been awarded the FMTV A1P2 rebuy production contract.
government to order from 0 up to 12,415 trucks and 10,926 trailers to 2014.
Some FMTV variants were excluded from the rebuy competition.
In February 2012, all FMTV work with BAE Systems had concluded, minus a small number of armor B-kits.
budgetary projections suggested that due to funding constraints, the FMTV program would be terminated in FY14.
Under the FMTV contract, orders could be placed until December 2013, with first deliveries to commence within one year of that, with final deliveries one year later.
In October 2016, the FMTV contract was extended from September 2016 to August 2019, allowing for the continued procurement of FMTV A1P2s.
In January 2017, Israel's Ministry of Defense ordered 200 FMTVs from Oshkosh, in a contract valued at $200 million.
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