As part of exploring music that combines both contemporary and traditional music from around the globe, it's important to understand the significance of the Ethiopian Orthodox Mezmur and the role of the Begena. The Begena is a traditional Ethiopian stringed instrument known for its deep, meditative sound.
It is often associated with spiritual and religious contexts, particularly in Ethiopian Orthodox Christian practices. The instrument resembles a large lyre and typically features ten strings, which are plucked to produce its distinctively resonant, buzzing tones. Historically, it has been used for personal meditation, prayer, and storytelling, making it an integral part of Ethiopian musical heritage.
The Begena falls into the category of chordophones, specifically a box lyre. Unlike many modern stringed instruments, it is not designed for fast-paced or virtuosic playing but rather for slow, deliberate plucking that emphasizes its deeply resonant tone.
The Begena is similar in function to the ancient Greek kithara and other lyre-type instruments found in African and Middle Eastern traditions.
The buzzing sound is what makes this harp unique. At the top of the frame is a cross bar where the strings are tied to wooden tuning pegs.
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History of the Begena
Ancient Origins and Biblical Connections
The Begena is believed to have origins dating back to biblical times. According to oral tradition, Menelik I brought the instrument to the region from Israel, where David played on it to soothe King Saul's nerves and heal him of insomnia. Ethiopian tradition holds that the instrument was brought to Ethiopia by King Menelik I, the son of King Solomon and the Queen of Sheba. It is thought to be a direct descendant of the lyre of King David, a connection that gives the instrument deep religious significance.
Emperor Menelik I, when he got old enough to inquire, know his father, he went up to Israel to meet King Solomon, his dad. Upon his return, he brought back his grandfather’s harp, the begena, King David’s Harp, and also a lot of other biblical artifacts.
Historical Development and Usage
For centuries, the Begena has been used by Ethiopian monks and priests as a tool for worship, meditation, and biblical recitation. The instrument was traditionally played in churches, monasteries, and royal courts, often accompanying hymns and prayers. During Lent, the instrument is often heard on the radio and around churches.
During the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie (1930-1974), efforts were made to preserve and promote Ethiopian traditional music, including the Begena. However, with modernization and political changes, the instrument saw a decline in mainstream use, though it remains significant in religious circles.
It is played in the framework of religious occasions. The begena was used primarily as an accompaniment during meditation and prayer.
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Construction and Design
The Begena is constructed from wood, leather, and gut strings. The traditional Begena is made from wood and cowhide. The body is a rectangular wooden soundbox covered with animal hide, which helps amplify its low-frequency vibrations. Two wooden arms extend from the body and are connected by a horizontal crossbar, from which the ten strings are stretched down to the soundbox.
Each Begena has 10 strings attached signifying the 10 commandments which were given to Moses. The strings are traditionally made of animal gut, though modern versions may use synthetic materials. The tuning pegs, located at the top of the instrument, allow the player to adjust the pitch of each string.
The cross bar atop the Begena allows for the composer to tune the instrument, in addition it also symbolizes God as it is above all parts, while the pillars on the side of the Begena symbolize Saint Michael and Saint Gabriel or the Old and New Testament.
A key feature of the Begena is the addition of a buzzing effect, created by allowing the strings to lightly touch the bridge as they vibrate. This effect is intentional and gives the instrument its characteristic droning sound, reminiscent of a meditative chant.
"It’s a 10 stringed harp. The strings are gut strings. And it has a square box at the bottom. And the strings are tied at the bottom of that box. That’s the sound box," said Temesgen, who in his day job is an architect.
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Like a guitar the instrument has a bridge, but there’s something else. "And on that bridge are leather pieces they’re also known as buzzers. That’s to use an English word because they create the buzzing sound of the begena that you don’t hear in any other instrument."
Types of Begena
The Begena does not have as many variations as other stringed instruments, but there are slight regional and artisanal differences in design and tuning methods. Traditional models are entirely handmade, often passed down through generations. Some modern adaptations include:
- Traditional Begena - Crafted using natural materials and maintaining historical construction methods.
- Contemporary Begena - Incorporates synthetic strings or modern tuning mechanisms for ease of play.
- Electric Begena - A rare adaptation with built-in amplification for performance in larger venues.
Characteristics
The Begena is characterized by its low-pitched, droning tone, which is enhanced by the buzzing effect produced by the bridge. The instrument’s size and construction result in deep, resonant sounds that linger, making it particularly suitable for slow, contemplative music. It is typically played in solo settings or small ensembles, with an emphasis on spiritual and meditative expression. The tuning system is diatonic, limiting the range of melodies but reinforcing its use as a rhythmic and harmonic accompaniment rather than a lead instrument.
The begena is characterized by a very specific buzzing sound, due to U-shaped leather pieces placed between each string and the bridge.
Playing Techniques
Finger Plucking and Sound Production
Unlike other stringed instruments, the Begena is played in a slow and deliberate manner. Each string is plucked with care, allowing the deep and buzzing overtones to resonate. The technique requires patience and skill, as the instrument is meant to create a meditative atmosphere.
The Begena may also be played using a system called girf, wherein a plectrum made of horn or wood is used to pluck the ten strings of the begena.
Use of the “Buzzing” Effect
A unique feature of the Begena is its distinct buzzing sound, created by the slight vibration of the strings against the bridge. This effect, known as “timbre distortion,” is considered a desirable characteristic, enhancing the spiritual and calming nature of the music.
The Begena is commonly played alongside religious chants, prayers, and psalms. Its sound is thought to induce a contemplative state, helping listeners focus on spiritual reflection.
Applications in Music
The Begena is predominantly used in religious and spiritual music. Ethiopian Orthodox Christian monks and laypeople play the instrument during prayer and meditation, often accompanying hymns or spoken-word recitations.
In Ethiopia, the begena is mainly used in meditation and prayer in the home. Temesgen says it’s a very private ritual.
"For example the popular prayer, Our Father, our Lord ’s Prayer -- in Amharic there’s a version of it and there’s a song that sings that prayer. So when you choose, you can sit down and pray, meaning play Our Father on the begena."
Unlike more versatile instruments used in secular music, the Begena is primarily associated with sacred traditions. In contemporary settings, the Begena has been incorporated into fusion projects that blend traditional Ethiopian music with modern genres. However, its primary role remains within spiritual and meditative contexts.
Begena is accompanied by singing voice only. The singer may compose his or her own texts or they may be taken from the Bible, from the Book of Proverbs, or from the Book of Qine, an anthology of proverbs and love poems. Subject matter includes the futility of life, the inevitability of death, saints, mores, morality, prayer, and praises to God. The song's duration varies according to the text, the audience, and the persistence of the player.
Tuning the Begena
The begena has ten strings. However, different musicians use varying numbers of strings to play the begena.
For example, begena teacher Memhr Sisay Demissae uses all ten strings to play the begena, while other players may use five or six of the strings.
When all ten strings are plucked, one method of tuning the begena is to tune each pair of strings to one of the pitches in a pentatonic scale. When using five of the stings, only the first, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth strings are tuned and plucked to give sound. Finally, while playing the begena using six strings, the left hand plucks strings one, three, four, six, eight, and ten (starting from the left side when facing the instrument). The pointing finger plucks strings three and four while the other fingers are in charge of controlling one string each.
Choosing a Begena
Choosing a Begena, the ancient Ethiopian ten-stringed lyre, requires careful consideration of its craftsmanship, materials, and sound quality. Traditionally made from wood and animal hide, a well-crafted Begena should have a sturdy yet resonant soundbox to produce its characteristic deep, buzzing tones. The strings, often made from gut or synthetic materials, should be properly strung and evenly spaced for ease of playing.
The bridge and tuning pegs must be well-fitted to allow smooth tuning adjustments, as the instrument relies on precise tuning for its meditative, droning sound. Additionally, the choice may depend on the player’s preference for ornamental carvings or traditional inscriptions, which often enhance the instrument’s cultural and spiritual significance. Beginners may opt for a moderately sized Begena with a balanced tone, while experienced players might seek an instrument with a richer, more resonant sound that suits ceremonial and devotional performances.
Maintenance and Care
The Begena, a large ten-stringed lyre from Ethiopia, requires careful maintenance to preserve its deep, buzzing tones and traditional significance. Since it is primarily made of wood, humidity and temperature control are crucial to prevent cracking or warping. It should be stored in a dry, cool place, away from direct sunlight or extreme moisture. Regular dusting and gentle cleaning with a soft cloth help maintain the instrument’s surface, while occasional application of natural oils can prevent the wood from drying out.
The strings, traditionally made from gut, need periodic inspection for signs of wear or fraying; when necessary, they should be replaced to ensure a consistent sound quality. The tuning pegs, which can loosen over time, should be adjusted carefully to maintain proper pitch without excessive force that could damage the structure. Additionally, handling the Begena with clean hands minimizes dirt buildup and extends the life of the strings and resonator. Proper care ensures the instrument remains in good condition, allowing it to continue producing its meditative and sacred tones for years.
The Begena in Modern Times
Contemporary Usage
Though its usage has declined in urban settings, the Begena remains a treasured part of Ethiopian musical heritage. Efforts by cultural institutions and musicians aim to preserve and revive its practice.
Digital and Global Influence
In recent years, Ethiopian musicians and scholars have worked to digitize and record Begena performances, introducing the instrument to a global audience. Some international artists have incorporated Begena sounds into modern compositions, blending ancient and contemporary musical styles.
Despite its historical importance, the Begena faces challenges such as declining traditional knowledge, lack of instrument makers, and reduced interest among younger generations.
Mezmur: Religious Songs
Mezmur are the religious songs of the Ethiopian Orthodox Church. Mezmur is the Amharic term for music, although it often has a religious connotation. The Ethiopian Orthodox Church is one of the oldest Christian churches in Africa, and it dates to pre-colonial times. As of 2015, it has between 40 and 45 million members. It has a rich musical tradition, referred to as mezmur.
Mezmur plays an important part in church services, including a detailed liturgy divided into two parts and 14 sub-parts known as anaphoras. Mezmur can also refer to hymns, which are more innovative, and the church continues to accept and use new hymns. These are more free-form songs of praise. Mezmur is not purely Ethiopian Orthodox. It can refer to any religious song. The P'ent'ay, or Ethiopian protestants, also use the term mezmur.
Temesgen Hussein: Introducing the Begena to Contemporary Music
Today we meet Temesgen Hussein of East Lansing. He was born and raised in Ethiopia. And he’s one of just a few outside that country who plays the begena. It’s used mainly in religious festivities almost exclusively, but Temesgen is breaking with tradition and introducing the begena to contemporary music.
Not to make it ordinary or non-special - I don’t want to take away from how special it is. The begena is originally associated with the elite. But, Temesgen says another instrument called the krar was made for the masses. If you want to learn how to play the begena or the krar, Temesgen has got you covered. He has eager students from all across the country and as far away as China. His wish is to reach as many people as possible. He's pulling the songs out of Ethiopia and offering them up to the world.
Yilma Hailu: A Revered Figure
Yilma Hailu stands as a revered figure in the history of Ethiopian Orthodox Mezmur, particularly for his masterful renditions on the Begena. His contributions have significantly shaped the modern understanding and appreciation of this ancient instrument and its role in spiritual devotion. Hailu's musical legacy is characterized by his profound spiritual insight, technical virtuosity on the Begena, and an unparalleled ability to imbue his performances with deep emotional resonance. He not only preserved traditional Begena melodies but also infused them with his own spiritual interpretations, making them accessible and moving to new generations of listeners.
Visualizing Sacred Music with AI
Visualizing sacred music, particularly traditions as deeply spiritual and culturally specific as Ethiopian Orthodox Mezmur performed on the Begena, presents a unique set of challenges and opportunities. The primary challenge lies in translating the intangible essence of spiritual devotion, intricate melodic structures, and historical reverence into a visual medium without diminishing its sacredness or altering its intended meaning.
However, the advent of advanced AI video creation platforms, such as ReelMind.ai, presents unprecedented opportunities to overcome these challenges. ReelMind’s 101+ AI models, including sophisticated image-to-video and video fusion capabilities, allow for the creation of highly customized and evocative visual narratives.
Nolan, ReelMind’s flagship AI Agent Director, represents a paradigm shift in AI-powered video creation, bringing professional film direction capabilities to creators of all skill levels. In the context of visualizing sacred music like Yilma Hailu’s Begena Mezmur, Nolan acts as an intelligent co-director, enhancing the creative process significantly.
The application of ReelMind.ai’s platform to visualize Ethiopian Orthodox Mezmur offers a profound avenue for enriching the spiritual and cultural experience of this ancient art form. For a piece like Yilma Hailu’s Begena melodies, creators can employ a multi-faceted approach, leveraging various AI models to construct visual narratives that resonate deeply with the music’s spiritual core.
